Abstract
Lithium-ion mabhatiri (LIBs) anoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kukosha ekuchengetedza simba matekinoroji.Sezvo kuwanda kwesimba kwemabhatiri kuchiwedzera, kuchengetedzwa kwebhatiri kunowedzera kukosha kana simba rikaburitswa nekusaziva.Tsaona dzine chekuita nemoto uye kuputika kweLIBs dzinowanzoitika pasi rese.Zvimwe zvakakonzera kutyisidzira kwakakomba kuhupenyu hwevanhu uye hutano uye zvakakonzera kuyeuchidzwa kwechigadzirwa kwakawanda nevagadziri.Zviitiko izvi zviyeuchidzo zvekuti kuchengetedza chinhu chinodiwa kune mabhatiri, uye nyaya dzakakomba dzinofanirwa kugadziriswa pamberi pekushandiswa kweramangwana repamusoro-simba mabhatiri masisitimu.Ongororo iyi ine chinangwa chekupfupisa izvo zvakakosha zvemabviro eLIB kuchengetedza nyaya uye kuratidza kufambira mberi kwakakosha mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuvandudza LIB kuchengetedza.Isu tinofungidzira kuti Ongororo iyi ichakurudzira kumwe kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedza bhatiri, kunyanya kune ari kubuda maLIB ane yakanyanya-simba density.
ZVINHU ZVINOTAURWA NEZVINHU ZVOKUTI ZVINHU
Iyo organic liquid electrolyte mukati meLIBs inobatika mukati.Imwe yeakanyanya kutadza kutadza kweLIB system ndeye cascading thermal runaway event, iyo inonzi ndiyo honzeri huru yekunetsa kwebhatiri.Kazhinji, kupisa kwekupisa kunoitika apo exothermic reaction inoenda kunze kwekutonga.Sezvo tembiricha yebhatiri ichikwira kusvika pamusoro ~ 80 ° C, iyo exothermic kemikari reaction rate mukati mebhatiri inowedzera uye inowedzera kupisa sero, zvichikonzera kutenderera kwakanaka kwemhinduro.Kuramba kuchikwira tembiricha kunogona kukonzera moto uye kuputika, kunyanya kumabhatiri mahombe.Naizvozvo, kunzwisisa zvinokonzeresa uye maitiro ekupisa kwekupisa kunogona kutungamira dhizaini yezvinhu zvinoshanda kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa uye kuvimbika kweLIBs.Iyo yekupisa yekutiza maitiro inogona kukamurwa kuita matanho matatu, sekupfupikiswa mukatiMufananidzo 1.
Fig. 1 Matanho matatu ekupisa kwekupisa.
Danho 1: Kutanga kwekupisa.Mabhatiri anoshanduka kubva kune yakajairika kusvika kune abnormal state, uye tembiricha yemukati inotanga kuwedzera.Nhanho 2: Kuwedzera kupisa uye gasi kuburitsa maitiro.Iyo tembiricha yemukati inokurumidza kusimuka, uye bhatiri inopinda exothermal reactions.Danho rechitatu: Kupisa uye kuputika.Iyo inopisa electrolyte inopisa, inotungamira kumoto uye kunyange kuputika.
Kutanga kwekupisa (danho 1)
Thermal runaway inotanga kubva pakupisa kwebhatiri system.Kupisa kwekutanga kunogona kuitika semugumisiro webhatiri iri kubhadhariswa kupfuura iyo yakagadzirirwa voltage (overcharging), kuratidzwa kune yakanyanyisa tembiricha, ekunze mapfupi maseketi nekuda kwekukanganisa wiring, kana mukati mapfupi maseketi nekuda kwekuremara kwesero.Pakati pavo, kupfupika kwemukati ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekutiza kwemafuta uye zvakaoma kudzora.Kupfupika kwemukati kunogona kuitika mumamiriro ekupwanya kwesero senge kunze kwesimbi marara kupinza;kudhumhana kwemotokari;lithium dendrite kuumbwa pasi pepamusoro ikozvino density kuchaja, pasi pemamiriro ekuwedzera kana pakupisa kwakadzika;uye zvipatsanuri zvisina kukanganisa zvakagadzirwa panguva yekubatanidza bhatiri, kutaura zvishoma.Semuenzaniso, mukutanga kwaGumiguru 2013, mota yeTesla padyo neSeattle yakarova marata esimbi akabaya nhovo nebhatiri pack.Tsvina yakapinda mumapolymer separators uye yakanangana necathode uye anode, zvichiita kuti bhatiri riite pfupi-kutenderera uye kubata moto;muna 2016, iyo Samsung Note 7 bhatiri moto waikonzerwa nehasha ultrathin separator iyo yaikurumidza kukuvadzwa nekumanikidzwa kwekunze kana welding burrs pane yakanaka electrode, zvichiita kuti bhatiri riite pfupi-sekete .
Munguva yenhanho yekutanga, kushanda kwebhatiri kunoshanduka kubva pane yakajairika kuenda kune isina kujairika, uye zvese zviri pamusoro apa zvinokonzeresa kuti bhatiri riwedzere.Kana kupisa kwemukati kunotanga kuwedzera, danho rekutanga rinopera uye danho rechipiri rinotanga.
Kuunganidza kwekupisa uye gasi kuburitsa maitiro (nhanho 2)
Sezvo danho rechipiri richitanga, tembiricha yemukati inokurumidza kusimuka, uye bhatiri rinoita zvinotevera maitiro (aya maitiro haaitike mune chaiyo yakapihwa kurongeka; zvimwe zvacho zvinogona kuitika panguva imwe chete):
(1) Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) kuora nekuda kwekupisa kana kupinda kwemuviri.Iyo SEI layer inonyanya kuve yakagadzikana (yakadai seLiF neLi2CO3) uye metastable [yakadai semapolymers, ROCO2Li, (CH2OCO2Li)2, uye ROLi] zvikamu.Nekudaro, izvo zvinobatika zvinogona kuora zvisingaite pa> 90 ° C, zvichiburitsa magasi anopfuta uye oxygen.Tora (CH2OCO2Li)2 semuenzaniso
(CH2OCO2Li)2→Li2CO3+C2H4+CO2+0.5O2
(2) Nekuparara kweSEI, tembiricha inovaka, uye lithium simbi kana intercalated lithium ari anode ichaita pamwe organic zvinonyungudutsa mu electrolyte, kuburitsa rinopfuta hydrocarbon magasi (ethane, methane, uye vamwe).Uku ndiko kuita kunopisa kunokwidza tembiricha kumusoro.
(3) RiniT> ~ 130 ° C, iyo polyethylene (PE) / polypropylene (PP) separator inotanga kunyunguduka, iyo inowedzera kuipa mamiriro acho ezvinhu uye inokonzera kutenderera kupfupi pakati pe cathode uye anode.
(4) Pakupedzisira, kupisa kunokonzera kuora kwe lithium metal oxide cathode zvinhu uye zvinoguma nekubudiswa kweokisijeni.Tora LiCoO2 semuenzaniso, inogona kuora kutanga pa ~ 180 ° C sezvinotevera
Kuparara kwecathode zvakare kwakanyanya exothermic, zvichiwedzera kuwedzera tembiricha uye kudzvanywa uye, nekudaro, zvichiwedzera kukurumidza kuita.
Muchikamu chechipiri, tembiricha inowedzera uye okisijeni inoungana mukati memabhatiri.Kupisa kwekupisa kunobva padanho rechipiri kuenda pachinhanho chechitatu pakangokwana okisijeni nekupisa zvaungana pakupisa bhatiri.
Kupisa uye kuputika (chikamu 3)
Padanho rechitatu, kupisa kunotanga.Iwo maelectrolyte eLIBs ari organic, angangoita epasirese musanganiswa wecyclic uye linear alkyl carbonates.Vane high volatility uye vari intrinsically zvikuru moto.Tichitora iyo inonyanya kushandiswa carbonate electrolyte [musanganiswa we ethylene carbonate (EC) + dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1: 1 neuremu)] semuenzaniso, inoratidza mhepo inotsikirira ye4.8 kPa patembiricha yekamuri uye yakanyanya kuderera mwenje poindi. ye25° ± 1°C pamhepo yekumanikidza ye1.013 bar.Okisijeni yakaburitswa uye kupisa muchikamu chechipiri zvinopa mamiriro anodiwa pakupisa kwezvinobvira organic electrolytes, zvichikonzera moto kana njodzi dzekuputika.
Muzvikamu 2 ne3, maitiro eexothermic anoitika pasi pe-adiabatic mamiriro.Nekudaro, accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) inzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya inoteedzera nharaunda mukati meLIBs, iyo inofambisa kunzwisisa kwedu kwe thermal runaway reaction kinetics.Mufananidzo 2inoratidza yakajairwa ARC curve yeLIB yakarekodhwa panguva yekupisa kupisa bvunzo.Kutevedzera tembiricha inowedzera mudanho rechipiri, sosi yekunze yekupisa inowedzera tembiricha yebhatiri kusvika kune yekutanga tembiricha.Pamusoro peiyi tembiricha, iyo SEI inoora, izvo zvinokonzeresa mamwe exothermic kemikari kuita.Pakupedzisira, chinoparadzanisa chichanyunguduka.Kuzvipisa kwekuzvipisa kuchawedzera mushure mezvo, zvichiita kuti kupisa kunopera (apo iyo yekuzvipisa yega yega iri> 10 ° C / min) uye electrolyte combustion (chikamu che3).
Iyo anode ndeye mesocarbon microbead graphite.The cathode is LiNi0.8Co0.05Al0.05O2.Iyo electrolyte i1.2 M LiPF6 muEC/PC/DMC.A Celgard 2325 trilayer separator yakashandiswa.Yakagadziridzwa nemvumo kubva kuElectrochemical Society Inc.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti maitiro anoratidzwa pamusoro apa haangoitike chimwe pashure pechimwe munhevedzano yakapiwa.Idzo, pane kudaro, dzakaoma uye dzakarongwa nyaya.
ZVINHU ZVINE ZVINHU ZVINE ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINE ZVINHU ZVAKAITWA BHATIRI
Zvichienderana nekunzwisisa kwebhatiri rinopisa rinomhanya, nzira dzakawanda dziri kudzidzwa, nechinangwa chekudzikisa njodzi dzekuchengetedza kuburikidza nekugadzirisa dhizaini yezvikamu zvebhatiri.Muzvikamu zvinotevera, tinopfupisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekuvandudza bhatiri, kugadzirisa matambudziko anoenderana neakasiyana nhanho dzekutiza kwekupisa.
Kugadzirisa matambudziko muchikamu chekutanga (kutanga kwekupisa)
Yakavimbika anode zvinhu.Iyo Li dendrite kuumbwa pane anode yeLIB inotanga nhanho yekutanga yekupisa kwekupisa.Kunyange zvazvo nyaya iyi yakaderedzwa mune anodes yekutengeserana LIBs (semuenzaniso, carbonaceous anodes), Li dendrite formation haina kuvharwa zvachose.Semuyenzaniso, mukutengesa maLIBs, dendrite deposition inoitika zviri nani pamagraphite electrode edges kana anodes nemacathodes zvisina kunyatsobatanidzwa.Uye zvakare, iyo isina kufanira kushanda mamiriro eLIBs anogona zvakare kukonzera Li simbi kuiswa nekukura kwe dendrite.Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti dendrite inogona kuumbwa nyore nyore kana bhatiri ichipomerwa (i) pahupamhi hwepamusoro huripo apo kuiswa kweLi simbi kunokurumidza kudarika kupararira kweLi ions mune yakawanda graphite;(ii) pasi pemamiriro ekuwedzera kana graphite yakanyanyisa;uye (iii) pakudziya kwakaderera [somuenzaniso, tembiricha iri pasi (~ 0°C)], nokuda kwekuwedzera viscosity yemvura electrolyte uye kuwedzera Li-ion diffusion resistance.
Kubva pakuona kwezvinhu zvezvinhu, midzi yemidzi inotarisa kutanga kweLi dendrite kukura pane anode ndiyo isina kugadzikana uye nonuniform SEI, iyo inokonzera kusaenzana kwenzvimbo kugovera ikozvino.Electrolyte components, kunyanya additives, zvakaongororwa kuvandudza SEI kufanana uye kubvisa Li dendrite kuumbwa.Zvimwe zvinowedzera zvinosanganisira inorganic compounds [somuenzaniso, CO2, LiI, etc.] uye organic compounds ine unsaturated carbon bonds yakadai sevinylene carbonate uye maleimide additives;isina kugadzikana cyclic mamorekuru akadai butyrolactone, ethylene sulfite, uye zvinobva kwavari;uye fluorinated makomisheni akadai fluoroethylene carbonate, pakati pevamwe.Kunyangwe pazvikamu-pa-miriyoni mwero, aya mamorekuru anogona achiri kuvandudza iyo SEI morphology, nekudaro homogenizing iyo Li-ion flux uye kubvisa mukana weLi dendrite kuumbwa.
Pakazere, iwo Li dendrite matambudziko achiripo mugraphite kana carbonaceous anodes uye silicon / SiO ine inotevera-chizvarwa anode.Kugadzirisa nyaya yeLi dendrite kukura idambudziko rakakosha pakugadzirisa kwepamusoro-simba density Li-ion chemistries munguva pfupi iri kutevera.Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, munguva pfupi yapfuura, kuedza kukuru kwakazvipira kugadzirisa nyaya yeLi dendrite kuumbwa mune yakachena Li simbi anodes ne homogenizing iyo Li-ion flux panguva yeLi deposition;semuenzaniso, protective layer coating , artificial SEI engineering , etc. Muchikamu ichi, dzimwe nzira dzinogona kujekesa nzira yekugadzirisa nyaya yacho pa carbonaceous anodes muLIBs zvakare.
Multifunctional liquid electrolytes uye separators.Iyo yemvura electrolyte uye separator inotamba mabasa akakosha mukupatsanura iyo yepamusoro-simba cathode uye anode.Nokudaro, yakanyatsogadzirirwa multifunctional electrolytes uye separators inogona kudzivirira zvakanyanya mabhatiri panguva yekutanga yebheteri thermal runaway (stage 1).
Kuchengetedza mabhatiri kubva pakupwanya kwemuchina, shear thickening fluid electrolyte yakawanikwa nekuwedzerwa kuri nyore kwefumed silica kune carbonate electrolyte (1 M LiFP6 muEC/DMC) .Pamusoro pemakiniki kudzvanywa kana kukanganisa, iyo fluid inoratidza shear thickening mhedzisiro nekuwedzera kwe viscosity, saka inobvisa simba rekuita uye kuratidza kushivirira pakupwanya (Mufananidzo 3A)
Fig. 3 Nzira dzekugadzirisa nyaya dziri muchikamu chekutanga.
(A) Shear thickening electrolyte.Pamusoro: Kune yakajairwa electrolyte, mechanical impact inogona kutungamira kupfupika kwebhatiri mukati, zvichikonzera moto uye kuputika.Pazasi: Novel smart electrolyte ine shear thickening effect pasi pekumanikidzwa kana kukanganisa inoratidza kushivirira kwakanyanya pakupwanya, izvo zvinogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kuchengetedzwa kwemabhatiri.(B) Bifunctional separators yekuona kwekutanga kwe lithium dendrites.Dendrite kuumbwa mune yetsika lithium bhatiri, uko kupindira kwakazara kweseparator ne lithium dendrite kunongoonekwa kana bhatiri rakundikana nekuda kwemukati pfupi dunhu.Mukuenzanisa, lithium bhatiri ine bifunctional separator (inosanganisira conducting layer yakakamurwa pakati pezvakajairwa separators maviri), apo iyo yakawedzera lithium dendrite inopinda muparadzanisa uye inobata neinoitisa copper layer, zvichikonzera kudonha mukati.VCu−Li, iyo inoshanda seyambiro yekutadza kuri kuuya nekuda kwemukati pfupi dunhu.Nekudaro, bhatiri rakazara rinoramba richishanda zvakachengeteka riine nonzero kugona.(A) uye (B) zvakagadziridzwa kana kudhindwa nemvumo kubva kuSpringer Nature.(C) Trilayer separator kushandisa ine ngozi Li dendrites uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri.Kuruboshwe: Lithium anode inogona nyore kuumba dendritic deposits, iyo inogona kukura zvishoma nezvishoma uye kupinda mukati inert polymer separator.Kana ma dendrites pakupedzisira abatanidza cathode uye anode, bhatiri ipfupi-inotenderera uye inokundikana.Kurudyi: Chigadziko chesilica nanoparticles chakaiswa sandwich nezvikamu zviviri zvekutengesa polymer separators.Naizvozvo, kana lithium dendrites inokura uye ichipinda muparadziri, ivo vanobata silica nanoparticles mu sandwiched layer uye inopedzwa nemagetsi.(D) Kuongorora electron microscopy (SEM) mufananidzo we silica nanoparticle sandwiched separator.(E) Typical voltage maringe nenguva profiles yeLi/Li bhatiri ine yakajairika separator (red curve) uye silica nanoparticle sandwiched trilayer separator (black curve) yakaedzwa pasi pemamiriro akafanana.(C), (D), uye (E) akatsikiswa nemvumo kubva kuna John Wiley naVanakomana.(F) Schematic mufananidzo wemaitiro eiyo redox shuttle additives.Pamusoro pecathode yakawandisa, iyo redox yekuwedzera inoiswa muchimiro [O], iyo inozoderedzwa kudzokera kune yayo yepakutanga [R] pamusoro peanode nekupararira kuburikidza ne electrolyte.Iko electrochemical kutenderera kweoxidation-diffusion-reduction-diffusion inogona kuchengetedzwa nekusingaperi uye nekudaro inokiya iyo cathode inogona kubva kune ine njodzi yekuchajisa.(G) Maumbirwo emakemikari eiyo redox shuttle additives.(H) Mechanism yekuvharisa overcharge additives iyo inogona electrochemically polymerize pane yakakwirira mikana.(I) Yakajairika makemikari zvimiro zvekuvharisa overcharge additives.Izvo zvinogoneka zvekushanda zvezvinowedzera zvakanyorwa pasi pega yega molecular chimiro mu (G), (H), uye (I).
Vaparadzi vanogona kuvhara nemagetsi cathode uye anode uye vanoita basa rinokosha pakuongorora hutano hwehutano hwebheteri in situ kudzivirira kuwedzera kuparara kwakapfuura danho 1. Semuenzaniso, "bifunctional separator" ine polymer-metal-polymer trilayer configuration (Mufananidzo 3B) inogona kupa itsva voltage-sensing function.Kana dendrite yakura kunze uye ichisvika pakati, inozobatanidza simbi layer uye anode zvekuti kamwe kamwe kudonha kwevoltage pakati pavo kunogona kuonekwa nekukurumidza sekubuda.
Kunze kwekuonekwa, chinoparadzanisa chetatu chakagadzirwa kuti chishandise ine njodzi yeLi dendrites uye kunonotsa kukura kwayo mushure mekupinda nemuparadzanisa.A layer ye silica nanoparticles, yakamisikidzwa nezvikamu zviviri zvekutengesa polyolefin separators (Mufananidzo 3, C uye D), inogona kushandisa chero inopinda ine ngozi yeLi dendrites, nekudaro ichivandudza kuchengetedzwa kwebhatiri.Hupenyu hwebhatiri rakachengetedzwa hwakawedzerwa zvakanyanya nekanenge kashanu kana zvichienzaniswa neiyo ine zvakajairwa separators (Mufananidzo 3E).
Overcharging protection.Overcharging inotsanangurwa sekuchaja bhatiri kupfuura yayakagadzirirwa voltage.Kuwedzeresa kunogona kukonzereswa nehupamhi chaihwo hwazvino density, hukasha hwekuchaja profiles, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinogona kuunza matambudziko akatevedzana, kusanganisira (i) kuiswa kweLi simbi pane anode, iyo inokanganisa zvakanyanya kuita kwebhatiri electrochemical kuita uye kuchengetedzwa;(ii) kuparara kwezvinhu zvecathode, kusunungura oksijeni;uye (iii) kuparara kweiyo organic electrolyte, kuburitsa kupisa uye gasi zvigadzirwa (H2, hydrocarbons, CO, nezvimwewo), izvo zvinokonzeresa kutiza kwekupisa.Maitiro emagetsi panguva yekuparara akaoma, mamwe acho akanyorwa pazasi.
Iyo asterisk (*) inoreva kuti iyo hydrogen gasi inobva kune protic, ichisiya mapoka anogadzirwa panguva ye oxidation ye carbonates pa cathode, iyo inobva yapararira kune anode kuti ideredzwe uye ibudise H2.
Pahwaro hwemisiyano mumabasa avo, iyo yakawandisa yekudzivirira yekuwedzera inogona kuverengerwa se redox shuttle additives uye shutdown additives.Iyo yekutanga inodzivirira sero kubva pakuchajiswa zvakanyanya, nepo yekupedzisira ichigumisa kushanda kwesero zvachose.
Redox shuttle additives basa ne electrochemically kuvharira chaji yakawandisa inobaiwa mubhatiri kana yawandisa yaitika.Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3F, iyo michina inobva pane redox additive ine oxidation inogona kuderera zvishoma pane iyo ye electrolyte anodic decomposition.Pamusoro pecathode yakawandisa, iyo redox yekuwedzera inoiswa muchimiro [O], iyo inozoderedzwa kudzokera kune yayo yepakutanga [R] pamusoro peanode mushure mekupararira kuburikidza ne electrolyte.Mushure mezvo, iyo yakaderedzwa yekuwedzera inogona kupararira ichidzokera kune cathode, uye electrochemical cycle ye "oxidation-diffusion-reduction-diffusion" inogona kuchengetedzwa nekusingaperi uye nekudaro inovhara iyo cathode inogona kubva kune imwe njodzi yekuchaja.Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti simba redox rekuwedzera rekuwedzera rinofanira kunge riri 0.3 kusvika 0.4 V pamusoro pekugona kwe cathode.
Akatevedzana ekuwedzera ane akanyatso kuenderana emakemikari zvimiro uye redox zvinogoneka zvakagadziridzwa, kusanganisira organometallic metallocenes, phenothiazines, triphenylamines, dimethoxybenzenes uye zvinobva kwavari, uye 2-(pentafluorophenyl) -tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodiodioMufananidzo 3G)Nekugadzirisa zvimiro zvema molecular, iyo yekuwedzera oxidation mikana inogona kuchinjika kusvika pamusoro pe4 V, iyo inokodzera kukurumidza kusimudzira yakakwirira-voltage cathode zvinhu uye electrolytes.Iyo yakakosha dhizaini musimboti inosanganisira kudzikisa iyo yepamusoro yakagarwa molecular orbital yeinowedzera kuburikidza nekuwedzera maelectron-withdrawing substitutes, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kweiyo oxidation kugona.Kunze kwezvekuwedzera, mamwe mainorganic munyu, ayo asingangoshande semunyu we electrolyte chete asi anogona kushanda senge redox shuttle, senge perfluoroborane cluster salts [kureva, lithium fluorododecaborates (Li2B12F).xH12−x)], akawanikwa zvakare anoshanda redox shuttle additives .
Shutdown overcharge additives ikirasi yezvisingadzokerike overcharge kuchengetedza additives.Anoshanda kungave nekuburitsa gasi pane zvakakwirira, izvo zvinozoita kuti chigadziriso chiripo, kana nekusingaperi electrochemically polymerizing pakukwanisa kumisa bhatiri mhedzisiro isati yaitika.Mufananidzo 3H)Mienzaniso yepakutanga inosanganisira xylene , cyclohexylbenzene, uye biphenyl, ukuwo mienzaniso yekupedzisira ichisanganisira biphenyl uye mamwe anotsiviwa anonhuwirira makomisheni (Mufananidzo 3I)Izvo zvakashata zvinokonzerwa nekuvharwa kwekuwedzera zvichiri kushanda kwenguva refu uye kuchengetedza kushanda kweLIBs nekuda kwekusagadziriswa oxidation yemakomponi aya.
Kugadzirisa matambudziko muchikamu chechipiri (kuunganidza kupisa uye gasi kuburitsa maitiro)
Yakavimbika cathode zvinhu.Lithium transition metal oxides, senge layered oxides LiCoO2, LiNiO2, uye LiMnO2;iyo spinel-mhando oxide LiM2O4;uye polyanion mhando LiFePO4, anonyanya kushandiswa cathode zvinhu, izvo, zvisinei, vane kuchengeteka nyaya kunyanya panguva tembiricha.Pakati pavo, LiFePO4 yakagadzirwa neolivine yakachengeteka, iyo yakagadzikana kusvika ku400 ° C, nepo LiCoO2 inotanga kuora pa250 ° C.Chikonzero chekuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kweLiFePO4 ndechokuti ose eokisijeni ions anoumba zvakasimba covalent zvisungo neP5+ kuti iite PO43-tetrahedral polyanions, iyo inogadzirisa iyo yose-dimensional framework uye inopa kugadzikana kwakagadziridzwa kana ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvecathode, kunyange zvazvo zvichiripo. dzave dzimwe njodzi dzemoto webhatiri dzakataurwa.Kunyanya kunetseka kwekuchengetedza kunobva pakuparara kwezvinhu izvi zvecathode pamatembiricha akakwira uye kuburitswa kweokisijeni panguva imwe chete, iyo pamwe chete inogona kutungamirira mukupisa uye kuputika, kukanganisa zvakanyanya kuchengetedzwa kwebhatiri.Semuenzaniso, chimiro chekristaro cheiyo layered oxide LiNiO2 haina kugadzikana nekuda kwekuvapo kweNi2 +, iyo ionic saizi yayo yakafanana neyeLi +.Iye LixNiO2 (x<1) inowanzo shandura kune imwe yakagadzikana spinel-type phase LiNi2O4 (spinel) uye rocksalt-type NiO, ine okisijeni inobudiswa mumvura electrolyte inenge 200 ° C, zvichiita kuti electrolyte combustion.
Kuedza kwakasimba kwakaitwa kuvandudza kugadzikana kwekupisa kwezvinhu izvi zvecathode neatomu doping uye pamusoro pekudzivirira machira.
Atomu doping inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kugadzikana kwekupisa kweyakaiswa oxide zvinhu nekuda kwezvinokonzeresa zvakadzikama makristasi zvimiro.Kugadzikana kwekupisa kweLiNiO2 kana Li1.05Mn1.95O4 kunogona kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya nekutsiviwa kwechikamu cheNi kana Mn nemamwe masimbi cations, akadai seCo, Mn, Mg, uye Al.Kune LiCoO2, kuunzwa kwedoping uye alloying zvinhu zvakaita seNi neMn zvinogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kupisa kwekutanga kwekushisa.Tdec, ukuwo uchidzivirira kuita ne electrolyte pakupisa kwakanyanya.Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwe cathode thermal stability kazhinji kunouya nezvibayiro mune imwe nzvimbo.Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, iyo yekumisikidza-gradient cathode zvinhu zve rechargeable lithium mabhatiri akavakirwa pane akaturikidzana lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide yakagadzirwa (Mufananidzo 4A) .Muchinyorwa ichi, chidimbu chega chega chine Ni-rich yepakati yakawanda uye Mn-hupfumi hwekunze dhizaini, ine inodzikira yeNi uye kuwedzera Mn uye Co kutariswa sezvo nzvimbo inoswededzwa.Mufananidzo 4B)Iyo yekare inopa huwandu hwepamusoro, asi iyo yekupedzisira inovandudza kugadzikana kwekupisa.Iyi novel cathode zvinhu yakaratidzwa kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwemabhatiri pasina kukanganisa kuita kwavo kwe electrochemical (Mufananidzo 4C).
Fig. 4 Mazano ekugadzirisa nyaya dziri muchikamu chechipiri: Cathodes yakavimbika.
(A) Schematic diagram ye positive electrode particle ine Ni-rich core yakakomberedzwa neconcentration-gradient outer layer.Chikamu chega chega chine Ni-rich central bulk Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 neMn-rich outer layer [Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2] ine kuderera kweNi uye kuwedzera huwandu hweMn and Co. sokusvikirwa kwepamusoro.Iyo yekare inopa huwandu hwepamusoro, asi iyo yekupedzisira inovandudza kugadzikana kwekupisa.Avhareji yekuumbwa iLi(Ni0.68Co0.18Mn0.18)O2.A scanning electron micrograph of a common particle inoratidzwawo kurudyi.(B) Electron-probe x-ray microanalysis mhedzisiro yekupedzisira lithiated oxide Li (Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18) O2.Iko kuchinjika zvishoma nezvishoma kweNi, Mn, uye Co mune iyo interlayer kunoonekwa.Iyo Ni concentration inodzikira, uye iyo Co neMn concentrations inowedzera yakananga kumusoro.(C) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) inotsvaga inoratidza kupisa kuyerera kubva pakuita kwe electrolyte neconcentration-gradient material Li(Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18)O2, iyo Ni-rich central material Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0. 1)O2, uye Mn-rich outer layer [Li(Ni0.46Co0.23Mn0.31)O2].Zvishandiso zvakachajiswa ku4.3 V. (A), (B), uye (C) zvinogadzirwazve nemvumo kubva kuSpringer Nature.(D) Kuruboshwe: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) inopenya-munda mufananidzo weAlPO4 nanoparticle-yakavharwa LiCoO2;simba dispersive x-ray spectrometry inosimbisa iyo Al uye P zvikamu mumucheka wekuputira.Kurudyi: High-resolution TEM mufananidzo unoratidza AlPO4 nanoparticles (~ 3 nm mudhayamita) mu nanoscale coating layer;iyo miseve inoratidza maratidziro pakati peAlPO4 layer neLiCoO2.(E) Kuruboshwe: Mufananidzo wesero rine isina LiCoO2 cathode mushure mekuedzwa kwe12-V overcharge.Sero rakatsva richibva raputika pavolti iya.Kurudyi: Mufananidzo wesero rine AlPO4 nanoparticle-yakavharwa LiCoO2 mushure mekuedzwa kwe12-V overcharge.(D) uye (E) akadhindwa nemvumo kubva kuna John Wiley naVanakomana.
Imwe nzira yekuvandudza kugadzikana kwekupisa ndeyekupfekedza iyo cathode zvinhu neinodzivirira yakatetepa layer ye thermally stable Li + inoitisa makomisheni, ayo anogona kudzivirira kutarisana kwakananga kwezvinhu zvecathode ne electrolyte nekudaro kuderedza maitiro epadivi uye kugadzirwa kwekupisa.Iyo yekupfekedza inogona kunge iri inorganic mafirimu [somuenzaniso, ZnO, Al2O3, AlPO4, AlF3, nezvimwewo], iyo inogona kuitisa Li ions mushure mekuva lithiated (Mufananidzo 4, D uye E), kana mafirimu ehupenyu, akadai sepoly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), mafirimu ekudzivirira anoumbwa neγ-butyrolactone additives, uye multicomponent additives (inosanganisira vinylene carbonate, 1,3-propylene sulfite, uye dimethylacetamide) .
Kuunza coating ine yakanaka tembiricha coefficient zvakare inoshanda pakuwedzera cathode kuchengetedza.Semuyenzaniso, poly(3-decylthiophene)–yakavharidzirwa LiCoO2 cathodes inogona kudzima maitikiro e electrochemical uye divi rekuita kana tembiricha yakwira kusvika>80°C, sezvo conductive polymer layer inogona kushanduka nekukasika kuita inopikisa zvakanyanya.Mabatiro eanozvimisa ega maoligomers ane hyper-branched architecture anogonawo kushanda sechivharo chinopindura nemhepo chinovhara bhatiri kubva kudivi recathode.
Thermally switchable current collector.Kudzima kwekuita kwe electrochemical panguva yekupisa kwebhatiri kunowedzera padanho rechipiri kunogona kudzivirira tembiricha kuti isawedzere.Iyo inokurumidza uye inodzoreredza thermoresponsive polymer switching (TRPS) yakaiswa mukati memuunganidzi aripo.Mufananidzo 5A) .Iyo TRPS yakaonda firimu ine conductive graphene-yakavharwa spiky nanostructured nickel (GrNi) zvidimbu se conductive filler uye PE matrix ine yakakura yekupisa yekuwedzera coefficient (α ~ 10−4 K−1).Iyo se-yakagadzirwa polymer inoumbwa mafirimu anoratidza yakakwirira conductivity (σ) pakamuri tembiricha, asi kana tembiricha yasvika painochinja tembiricha (Ts), conductivity inoderera mukati me 1 s nemanomwe kusvika masere mirairo yehukuru semugumisiro wepolymer volume kuwedzera, iyo inoparadzanisa conductive particles uye inoputsa nzira dzekufambisa (Mufananidzo 5B)Iyo firimu ipapo inova insulating uye nokudaro inomisa kushanda kwebhatiri (Mufananidzo 5C)Iyi nzira inodzokororwa zvakanyanya uye inogona kushanda kunyangwe mushure mezviitiko zvekupisa zvakanyanya pasina kukanganisa kuita.
Fig. 5 Nzira dzekugadzirisa nyaya dziri muchikamu chechipiri.
(A) Schematic mufananidzo weiyo thermal switching mechanism yeTRPS inounganidza ikozvino.Bhatiri rakachengeteka rine muteresi mumwe chete kana maviri aripo akaputirwa neatete TRPS layer.Inoshanda zvakajairika pakudziya kwekamuri.Nekudaro, kana paine tembiricha yakanyanya kana yakakura ikozvino, iyo polymer matrix inowedzera, nekudaro ichiparadzanisa conductive particles, izvo zvinogona kuderedza conductivity yayo, zvakanyanya kuwedzera kuramba kwayo uye kuvhara bhatiri.Iyo bhatiri chimiro chinogona kuchengetedzwa pasina kukuvara.Pakutonhodza, iyo polima inodzikira uye inodzoreredza iyo yekutanga conductive nzira.(B) Resistivity shanduko yemafirimu akasiyana eTRPS sebasa rekushisa, kusanganisira PE/GrNi ine zvakasiyana GrNi loadings uye PP/GrNi ine 30% (v/v) kurodha yeGrNi.(C) Kugona kupfupikiswa kweyakachengeteka LiCoO2 bhatiri kubhasikoro pakati pe25°C uye kudzima.Kusvika pazero pa70°C kunoratidza kudzima kuzere.(A), (B), uye (C) anogadzirwazve nemvumo kubva kuSpringer Nature.(D) Schematic inomiririra yemicrosphere-based shutdown concept yeLIBs.Electrodes inoshandiswa ne thermoresponsive microspheres iyo, pamusoro pekupisa kwakanyanya kwebheteri yemukati, inoshanduka kupisa (kunyunguduka).Makapisi akanyunguduka anopfeka electrode pamusoro, achigadzira chinovharira chinovharira uye kuvhara bhatiri sero.(E) Mutete uye wakamira wega inorganic composite membrane inoumbwa ne94% alumina particles uye 6% styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) binder yakagadzirwa nemhinduro yekukanda nzira.Kurudyi: Mapikicha anoratidza kugadzikana kwekupisa kweiyo inorganic composite separator uye PE separator.Izvo zvinoparadzanisa zvakabatwa pa 130 ° C kwemaminitsi makumi mana.Iyo PE yakanyanya kuderera kubva munzvimbo ine dotted square.Nekudaro, iyo inosanganisa inoparadzanisa haina kuratidza shrinkage iri pachena.Yakadhindwa nemvumo kubva kuna Elsevier.(F) Chimiro chemolecular yemamwe mapolymer ekunyunguduka kwepamusoro-soro semidziyo yekuparadzanisa ine yakaderera-yepamusoro-tembiricha shrinkage.Pamusoro: polyimide (PI).Pakati: cellulose.Pazasi: poly(butylene) terephthalate.(G) Kuruboshwe: Kuenzanisa kweDSC spectra yePI nePE uye PP separator;iyo PI separator inoratidza yakanakisa kugadzikana kwekupisa patembiricha kubva pa30 ° kusvika 275 ° C.Kurudyi: Digital kamera mapikicha achienzanisa kunyorova kweyekutengesa inoparadzanisa uye se-yakagadzirwa PI separator ine propylene carbonate electrolyte.Yakadhindwa nemvumo kubva kuAmerican Chemical Society.
Thermal shutdown separators.Imwe nzira yekudzivirira mabhatiri kubva pakupisa kwekupisa panguva yechikamu chechipiri ndeyekuvhara nzira yekufambisa yeLi ions kuburikidza nemuparadzanisa.Vanoparadzanisa zvinhu zvakakosha zvekuchengetedza kweLIBs, sezvo ivo vachidzivirira zvakananga magetsi kusangana pakati pe-high-energy cathode uye anode zvinhu apo ichibvumira ionic kutakura.PP uye PE ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa zvinhu, asi ine hurombo husina kugadzikana hwekupisa, neinonyunguduka ye ~ 165 ° uye ~ 135 ° C, zvichiteerana.Kune LIB yekutengesa, vapatsanuri vane PP/PE/PP trilayer chimiro vakatove kutengeswa, uko PE inodzivirira yepakati layer.Kana tembiricha yemukati yebhatiri ichiwedzera pamusoro pekupisa kwakanyanya (~ 130 ° C), iyo porous PE layer inonyungudika zvishoma, ichivhara firimu pores uye kudzivirira kutama kweion mune yemvura electrolyte, nepo PP layer inopa mechanical rutsigiro kudzivirira mukati. kupfupika .Neimwe nzira, kuvharwa kweLIB kweLIB kunogona kuwanikwa zvakare nekushandisa thermoresponsive PE kana parafini wax microspheres sechidziviriro chebhatiri anode kana kupatsanura.Kana tembiricha yebhatiri yemukati inosvika pakukosha kwakakosha, mamicrospheres anonyunguduka uye anopfekedza anode / separator nechivharo chisingapindike, kumisa kutakura kweLi-ion uye kuvhara sero zvachose.Mufananidzo 5D).
Vanoparadzanisa vane high thermal kugadzikana.Kuti uvandudze kugadzikana kwekupisa kwevanoparadzanisa mabhatiri, nzira mbiri dzakagadzirwa mukati memakore akati wandei apfuura:
(1) Ceramic-enhanced separators, inogadzirwa ingave nekunamira kwakananga kana pamusoro-pamusoro pekukura kweceramic layers seSiO2 neAl2O3 pane iripo polyolefin separator nzvimbo kana nekuita ceramic hupfu hwakaiswa mu polymeric zvinhu (Mufananidzo 5E), ratidza kunyungudika kwakanyanyisa uye kusimba kwemuchanicha uye zvakare ine yakakwira yekupisa conductivity.Mamwe anopatsanura akaumbwa kuburikidza nehurongwa uhu akatengeswa, seSeparion (zita rekutengesa).
(2) Kuchinja zvinhu zvekuparadzanisa kubva ku polyolefin kuenda kune yakakwirira-kunyunguduka tembiricha mapolima ane yakaderera shrinkage pakupisa, senge polyimide, cellulose, poly(butylene) terephthalate, uye imwe analogous poly(esters) , ndeimwe nzira inoshanda yekuvandudza kugadzikana kwekupisa. yevanoparadzanisa (Mufananidzo 5F)Semuenzaniso, polyimide inonzi thermosetting polymer inoonekwa zvakanyanya seimwe inovimbisa imwe nzira nekuda kwekudzikama kwayo kwekupisa (yakagadzikana kupfuura 400 ° C), kupikisa kwakanaka kwemakemikari, kusimba kwakanyanya, kunyorova kweelectrolyte, uye kunonoka kwemoto.Mufananidzo 5G) .
Bhatiri mapakeji ane kutonhora basa.Chiyero-chiyero chemafuta ekutonga masisitimu anogoneswa nekutenderera kwemhepo kana kutonhora kwemvura akashandiswa kuvandudza kushanda kwebhatiri uye kudzikisira kuwedzera tembiricha.Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zvekuchinja-chikamu zvakaita separafini wax zvakabatanidzwa mumabhatiri mapaketi kuti zvishande sedhishi rekupisa kuti ridzore tembiricha yavo, nokudaro kudzivirira kushatisa tembiricha.
Kugadzirisa matambudziko muchikamu 3 (kupisa uye kuputika)
Kupisa, okisijeni, uye mafuta, anozivikanwa se "fire triangle," ndizvo zvinodiwa pamoto mizhinji.Nekuungana kwekupisa uye okisijeni inogadzirwa mukati mechikamu 1 ne2, mafuta (kureva, maelectrolyte anopisa zvakanyanya) anobva atanga kupisa.Kuderedza kupisa kwema electrolyte solvents kwakakosha pakuchengetedza bhatiri uye nekuwedzera hukuru hwekushandisa kwemaLIB.
Flame-retardant additives.Kuedza kukuru kwetsvakiridzo kwakapihwa mukugadzirwa kwezvekuwedzera zvinodzora murazvo kuderedza kupisa kwemagetsi emvura.Mazhinji ekuwedzera-murazvo-retardant additives anoshandiswa mumvura electrolytes anobva pane organic phosphorus makomisheni kana organic halogenated makomponi.Sezvo ma halogen ane njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu, iyo organic phosphorus makomisheni anonyanya kuvimbisa vamiriri sezvekuwedzera-murazvo wekuwedzera nekuda kwekugona kwavo kudzoreredza moto uye kushamwaridzana kwezvakatipoteredza.Yakajairika organic phosphorus makomisheni anosanganisira trimethyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, bis(2-methoxyethoxy) methylallylphosphonate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, ethylene ethyl phosphate (nezvimwewo).Mufananidzo 6A)Iyo meshini yekudzoserwa kwemoto mhedzisiro yeiyi phosphorus-ine makomisheni inowanzo tenda kuti ikemikari radical-scaveng process.Munguva yekupisa, iyo phosphorus-ine mamorekuru anogona kuora kune phosphorus-ine mahara-radical marudzi, ayo anogona kubva amisa radicals (semuenzaniso, H uye OH radicals) inogadzirwa panguva yeketani reaction propagation iyo inokonzera kupisa kunoramba kuripo.Mufananidzo 6, B uye C).Nehurombo, kudzikiswa kwekupisa nekuwedzerwa kweizvi phosphorus-ine zvinodzoreredza murazvo zvinouya pamutengo we electrochemical performance.Kuti uvandudze kutengeserana uku, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakaita zvimwe zvigadziridzo kune yavo molecular structure: (i) partial fluorination yealkyl phosphates inogona kuvandudza kugadzikana kwavo kwekudzikisa uye kushanda kwavo kwemoto;(ii) kushandiswa kwemakemikari ane zvose zvinodzivirira firimu-kugadzira uye moto-kudzosa zvinhu, zvakadai se bis (2-methoxyethoxy) methylallylphosphonate, apo mapoka e-allylic anogona polymerize uye kugadzira firimu reSEI rakagadzikana panzvimbo yegraphite, nokudaro nekudzivirira zvinobudirira rutivi rune ngozi. reactions;(iii) shanduko yeP(V) phosphate kuenda kuP(III) phosphites, inofambisa kuumbwa kweSEI uye inokwanisa kudzima PF5 ine ngozi [somuenzaniso, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite];uye (iv) kutsiva organophosphorus additives ne cyclic phosphazenes, kunyanya fluorinated cyclophosphazene, iyo yakasimbisa electrochemical kuenderana.
Fig. 6 Nzira dzekugadzirisa nyaya dziri muchikamu chechitatu.
(A) Maumbirwo emamorekuru ezvekuwedzera-murazvo-retardant.(B) Iyo michina yekudzoreredza kwemoto mhedzisiro yeaya ane phosphorus-ane makomisheni anowanzo tenda kuti ikemikari radical-scaveng process, iyo inogona kumisa madhiri echeni anoita basa rekupisa muchikamu chegasi.TPP, triphenyl phosphate.(C) Iyo yekuzvidzima nguva (SET) yeyakajairika carbonate electrolyte inogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwe triphenyl phosphate.(D) Schematic ye "smart" electrospun separator ine thermal-triggered flame-retardant properties yeLIBs.Iyo yakasununguka-yakamira separator inoumbwa nemicrofibers ine core-shell chimiro, uko murazvo unodzoreredza ndiwo musimboti uye iyo polymer igoko.Pakukonzeresa kupisa, iyo goko repolymer rinonyunguduka uye ipapo iyo yakavharidzirwa murazvo inodzoreredza inoburitswa mu electrolyte, nokudaro zvinobudirira kudzvanya kubatidza nekupisa kwema electrolyte.(E) SEM mufananidzo weTPP@PVDF-HFP microfibers mushure mekuisa inotaridza zvakajeka yavo core-shell chimiro.Scale bar, 5 μm.(F) Maumbirwo emamorekuru emukamuri tembiricha ionic mvura inoshandiswa seasingabatike maelectrolyte emaLIB.(G) Iyo molecular chimiro chePFPE, isingabatike perfluorinated PEO analog.Mapoka maviri emethyl carbonate anogadziridzwa pamaterminal emaketani epolymer kuti ave nechokwadi chekuenderana kwemamorekuru neazvino mabhatiri masisitimu.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pane nguva dzose kutengeserana pakati pekuderedzwa kwekupisa kwe electrolyte uye kushanda kwesero kune zvinowedzera zvakanyorwa, kunyange zvazvo kukanganisa uku kwakagadziridzwa kuburikidza nepamusoro pema molecular designs.Imwe nzira yakarongwa yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri inosanganisira kubatanidza murazvo unodzoreredza mukati mekudzivirira kwepolymer shell ye microfibers, iyo inowedzerwazve kurongeka kuti igadzire isina kuruka separator (Mufananidzo 6D) .Novel electrospun nonwoven microfiber separator ine thermal-triggered flame-retardant properties yakagadzirirwa maLIBs.Iyo encapsulation yemurazvo unodzoreredza mukati meyekudzivirira yepolymer shell inodzivirira kuratidzwa kwakananga kwemurazvo unodzoreredza kune electrolyte, kudzivirira zvakaipa kubva kune zvinodzoreredza pane electrochemical kuita kwebhatiri (Mufananidzo 6E)Nekudaro, kana kupisa kwekutiza kwebhatiri reLIB kukaitika, iyo poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoro propylene) copolymer (PVDF-HFP) goko rinonyunguduka sezvo tembiricha inowedzera.Ipapo iyo encapsulated triphenyl phosphate flame retardant inozoburitswa muelectrolyte, nokudaro zvinobudirira kudzvanyirira kupisa kwemaelectrolyte anopisa zvakanyanya.
Mafungiro ekuti “salt-concentrated electrolyte” yakagadziridzwawo kugadzirisa dambudziko iri .Aya ma organic electrolyte anodzima moto emabhatiri anochajiswa ane LiN(SO2F)2 semunyu uye chinopisa chinopisa che trimethyl phosphate (TMP) sechinhu chinonyungudutsa chete.Magadzirirwo ega ega akasimba-inotorwa munyu SEI pane anode yakakosha pakugadzikana kwekuita kwe electrochemical.Iri zano idzva rinogona kukwidziridzwa kune mamwe akasiyana-siyana anodzoreredza moto uye anogona kuvhura nzira nyowani yekugadzira mitsva-inodzoreredza zvinonyungudutsa murazvo wemaLIB akachengeteka.
Nonflammable liquid electrolytes.Mhedzisiro yekupedzisira kune nyaya dzekuchengetedza ye electrolyte ingave yekugadzira intrinsically nonflammable electrolytes.Rimwe boka remaelectrolyte asingabatike akadzidzwa zvakanyanya ionic zvinwiwa, kunyanya tembiricha yemukamuri ionic zvinwiwa, izvo zvisingaite (hapana zvinoonekwa mhute yemhepo iri pasi pe200°C) uye isingabatike uye ine tembiricha yakafara hwindo.Mufananidzo 6F) .Nekudaro, tsvakiridzo inoenderera ichiri kudikanwa kugadzirisa nyaya dzeyero yakaderera yekugona kubva kune yavo yakakwirira viscosity, yakaderera Li kutamisa nhamba, cathodic kana reductive kusagadzikana, uye mutengo wakakura weionic zvinwiwa.
Low-molecular weight hydrofluoroethers imwe kirasi yeasingabatike emvura electrolytes nekuda kwekukwirira kwayo kana kusina flash point, kusapisa, kuderera kwepasi tension, low viscosity, kudzikira kwechando tembiricha, nezvimwe.Magadzirirwo akafanira mamorekuru anofanirwa kuitwa kuti agadzirise zvimiro zvavo zvemakemikari kuti asangane nemaitiro ebhatiri electrolytes.Muenzaniso unonakidza uchangobva kutaurwa ndewe perfluoropolyether (PFPE), perfluorinated polyethylene oxide (PEO) analog iyo inozivikanwa kwazvo nekusapisa kwayo.Mufananidzo 6G) .Mapoka maviri emethyl carbonate anogadziridzwa pamapoka ekupedzisira ePFPE cheni (PFPE-DMC) kuve nechokwadi chekuenderana kwemamorekuru ane azvino mabhatiri masisitimu.Nekudaro, kusabatika uye kugadzikana kwekupisa kwePFPEs kunogona kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kweLIB zvakanyanya uku uchiwedzera nhamba yekuchinjisa electrolyte nekuda kweiyo yakasarudzika molecular chimiro dhizaini.
Nhanho yechitatu ndiyo yekupedzisira asi inonyanya kukosha nhanho yekupisa kwekupisa.Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunyangwe kuedza kukuru kwakazvipira kuderedza kupisa kweiyo-ye-iyo-iyo-ye-art liquid electrolyte, kushandiswa kwe-soli-state electrolytes iyo isingabatike inoratidza vimbiso huru.Maelectrolyte akasimba anonyanya kuwira mumapoka maviri: inorganic ceramic electrolytes [sulfides, oxides, nitrides, phosphates, etc.] uye yakasimba polymer electrolytes [misanganiswa yeLi munyu nemapolymers, akadai sepoly(ethylene oxide), polyacrylonitrile, nezvimwewo] .Kuedza kuvandudza maelectrolyte akasimba hakuzotsanangurwa pano, sezvo nyaya iyi yakatove yakapfupikiswa mune akati wandei wongororo.
MAONERO
Munguva yakapfuura, zvinhu zvakawanda zvitsva zvakagadziridzwa kuvandudza bhatiri kuchengetedza, kunyange zvazvo dambudziko risati ragadziriswa zvachose.Mukuwedzera, maitiro ari pasi pekuchengetedza nyaya anosiyana kune imwe neimwe yakasiyana bhatiri chemistry.Nokudaro, zvinhu zvakananga zvakagadzirirwa mabhatiri akasiyana zvinofanira kugadzirwa.Isu tinotenda kuti nzira dzakanyanya kushanda uye dzakanyatsogadzirwa zvinhu zvinoramba zvichiwanikwa.Pano, tinonyora akati wandei anogoneka mafambiro emangwana ekutsvaga kuchengetedza bhatiri.
Kutanga, zvakakosha kukudziridza in situ kana mu operando nzira dzekuona nekutarisa mukati mehutano mamiriro eLIBs.Semuyenzaniso, iyo yekupisa yekutiza maitiro inoenderana zvakanyanya neiyo yemukati tembiricha kana kumanikidza kuwedzera mukati meLIBs.Nekudaro, kugovera tembiricha mukati memabhatiri kwakaoma, uye nzira dzinodiwa kunyatso tarisisa kukosha kwe electrolytes uye electrode, pamwe nekuparadzanisa.Nekudaro, kukwanisa kuyera aya maparamendi ezvikamu zvakasiyana zvakakosha pakuongorora uye nekudaro kudzivirira njodzi yekuchengetedza bhatiri.
Kugadzikana kwekupisa kwevanoparadzanisa kwakakosha pakuchengetedza bhatiri.Iyo ichangobva kugadzirwa mapolymers ane yakakwirira kunyunguduka mapoinzi anoshanda pakuwedzera kuperera kwekupisa kweanoparadzanisa.Nekudaro, zvimiro zvavo zvemuchina zvichiri zvakaderera, zvichideredza zvakanyanya mashandiro avo panguva yekusangana kwebhatiri.Uyezve, mutengo zvakare chinhu chakakosha chinofanira kutariswa kune anoshanda maapplication.
Kugadziridzwa kwemaelectrolyte akasimba kunoratidzika seyokupedzisira mhinduro yezvekuchengetedza nyaya dzeLIBs.Iyo yakasimba electrolyte inoderedza zvakanyanya mukana wekupfupika kwebhatiri mukati, pamwe nenjodzi yemoto uye kuputika.Kunyangwe kuedza kukuru kwakazvipira kufambisira mberi kwemaelectrolyte akasimba, kuita kwavo kunoramba kuchisaririra kumashure kweiyo yemvura electrolytes.Macomposites einorganic uye polymer electrolytes anoratidza kugona kukuru, asi anoda dhizaini nekugadzirira.Isu tinosimbisa kuti dhizaini chaiyo yeiyo inorganic-polymer interfaces uye mainjiniya ekurongeka kwavo kwakakosha pakufambisa kweLi-ion.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mvura ye electrolyte haisi iyo yega bhatiri chikamu chinopisa.Semuyenzaniso, kana maLIB achichajiswa zvakanyanya, zvinobvira zvinopisa zvinopisa zvinoti anode (semuenzaniso, lithiated graphite) idambudziko rakakura rekuchengetedza.Mareta emoto anodzoreredza anogona kudzima moto wezvinhu zvakasimba-nyika anodiwa zvakanyanya kuti awedzere kuchengetedzeka.Izvo zvinodzosa moto zvinogona kusanganiswa negraphite nenzira yepolymer binders kana conductive framework.
Kuchengetedzeka kwebhatiri idambudziko rakaoma uye rakaomarara.Remangwana rekuchengetedza bhatiri rinoda kuedza kwakawanda muzvidzidzo zvakakosha zvemakina kuti unzwisise zvakadzama kuwedzera kune dzimwe nzira dzepamusoro dzemaitiro, dzinogona kupa rumwe ruzivo kutungamira dhizaini yekugadzira.Kunyangwe Ongororo iyi yakanangana nekuchengetedza nhanho yemidziyo, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti nzira yakazara inodiwa zvakare kugadzirisa nyaya yekuchengetedza yeLIBs, uko zvinhu, zvikamu zvesero uye fomati, uye bhatiri module nemapaketi anotamba mabasa akaenzana kuita kuti mabhatiri avimbike pamberi. vanoburitswa kumusika.
REFERENCES NEZVINOKOSHA
Kai Liu, Yayuan Liu, DingchangLin, Allen Pei, Yi Cui, Zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza lithium-ion bhatiri, ScienceAdvances, DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aas9820
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-05-2021
